Werkzeug

Wrappers

You can import all these objects directly from werkzeug.

Base Wrappers

These objects implement a common set of operations. They are missing fancy addon functionality like user agent parsing or etag handling. These features are available by mixing in various mixin classes or using Request and Response.

class werkzeug.BaseRequest(environ, populate_request=True, shallow=False)

Very basic request object. This does not implement advanced stuff like entity tag parsing or cache controls. The request object is created with the WSGI environment as first argument and will add itself to the WSGI environment as 'werkzeug.request' unless it’s created with populate_request set to False.

There are a couple of mixins available that add additional functionality to the request object, there is also a class called Request which subclasses BaseRequest and all the important mixins.

It’s a good idea to create a custom subclass of the BaseRequest and add missing functionality either via mixins or direct implementation. Here an example for such subclasses:

from werkzeug import BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin

class Request(BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin):
    pass

Request objects should be considered read only. Even though the object doesn’t enforce read only access everywhere you should never modify any data on the object itself unless you know exactly what you are doing.

Per default the request object will assume all the text data is utf-8 encoded. Please refer to the unicode chapter for more details about customizing the behavior.

Per default the request object will be added to the WSGI enviornment as werkzeug.request to support the debugging system. If you don’t want that, set populate_request to False.

If shallow is True the environment is initialized as shallow object around the environ. Every operation that would modify the environ in any way (such as consuming form data) raises an exception unless the shallow attribute is explicitly set to False. This is useful for middlewares where you don’t want to consume the form data by accident. A shallow request is not populated to the WSGI environment.

environ
The WSGI environment that the request object uses for data retrival.
shallow
True if this request object is shallow (does not modify environ), False otherwise.
_get_file_stream(total_content_length, content_type, filename=None, content_length=None)

Called to get a stream for the file upload.

This must provide a file-like class with read(), readline() and seek() methods that is both writeable and readable.

The default implementation returns a temporary file if the total content length is higher than 500KB. Because many browsers do not provide a content length for the files only the total content length matters.

Changed in version 0.5: Previously this function was not passed any arguments. In 0.5 older functions not accepting any arguments are still supported for backwards compatibility.

Parameters:
  • total_content_length – the total content length of all the data in the request combined. This value is guaranteed to be there.
  • content_type – the mimetype of the uploaded file.
  • filename – the filename of the uploaded file. May be None.
  • content_length – the length of this file. This value is usually not provided because webbrowsers do not provide this value.
access_route
If an forwarded header exists this is a list of all ip addresses from the client ip to the last proxy server.
classmethod application(f)

Decorate a function as responder that accepts the request as first argument. This works like the responder() decorator but the function is passed the request object as first argument:

@Request.application
def my_wsgi_app(request):
    return Response('Hello World!')
Parameter:f – the WSGI callable to decorate
Returns:a new WSGI callable
args
The parsed URL parameters as MultiDict.
base_url
Like url but without the querystring
charset
the charset for the request, defaults to utf-8
cookies
The retreived cookie values as regular dictionary.
data

This reads the buffered incoming data from the client into the string. Usually it’s a bad idea to access data because a client could send dozens of megabytes or more to cause memory problems on the server.

To circument that make sure to check the content length first.

encoding_errors
the error handling procedure for errors, defaults to ‘ignore’
files

MultiDict object containing all uploaded files. Each key in files is the name from the <input type="file" name="">. Each value in files is a Werkzeug FileStorage object.

Note that files will only contain data if the request method was POST or PUT and the <form> that posted to the request had enctype="multipart/form-data". It will be empty otherwise.

See the MultiDict / FileStorage documentation for more details about the used data structure.

form
Form parameters. Currently it’s not guaranteed that the MultiDict returned by this function is ordered in the same way as the submitted form data.
classmethod from_values(path='/', base_url=None, query_string=None, **options)

Create a new request object based on the values provided. If environ is given missing values are filled from there. This method is useful for small scripts when you need to simulate a request from an URL. Do not use this method for unittesting, there is a full featured client object in werkzeug.test that allows to create multipart requests etc.

This accepts the same options as the create_environ() function and additionally an environ parameter that can contain values which will override the values from dict returned by create_environ().

Additionally a dict passed to query_string will be encoded in the request class charset.

Returns:request object
headers
The headers from the WSGI environ as immutable EnvironHeaders.
host
Just the host including the port if available.
host_url
Just the host with scheme.
is_behind_proxy
set to True if the application runs behind an HTTP proxy
is_multiprocess
boolean that is True if the application is served by a WSGI server that spawns multiple processes.
is_multithread
boolean that is True if the application is served by a multithreaded WSGI server.
is_run_once
boolean that is True if the application will be executed only once in a process lifetime. This is the case for CGI for example, but it’s not guaranteed that the exeuction only happens one time.
is_secure
True if the request is secure.
is_xhr
True if the request was triggered via an JavaScript XMLHttpRequest. This only works with libraries that support the X-Requested-With header and set it to “XMLHttpRequest”. Libraries that do that are prototype, jQuery and Mochikit and probably some more.
method
The transmission method. (For example 'GET' or 'POST').
path
Requested path as unicode. This works a bit like the regular path info in the WSGI environment but will always include a leading slash, even if the URL root is accessed.
peek_path_info()

Works like peek_path_info().

New in version 0.5.

pop_path_info()

Works like pop_path_info() but updates script_name and path_info which are per-se read-only attributes.

New in version 0.5.

query_string
The URL parameters as raw bytestring.
remote_addr
The remote address of the client.
remote_user
If the server supports user authentication, and the script is protected, this attribute contains the username the user has authenticated as.
script_root
The root path of the script without the trailing slash.
stream
The parsed stream if the submitted data was not multipart or urlencoded form data. This stream is the stream left by the CGI module after parsing. This is not the WSGI input stream.
url
The reconstructed current URL
url_root
The full URL root (with hostname), this is the application root.
values
Combined multi dict for args and form.
class werkzeug.BaseResponse(response=None, status=None, headers=None, mimetype=None, content_type=None, direct_passthrough=False)

Base response class. The most important fact about a response object is that it’s a regular WSGI application. It’s initialized with a couple of response parameters (headers, body, status code etc.) and will start a valid WSGI response when called with the environ and start response callable.

Because it’s a WSGI application itself processing usually ends before the actual response is sent to the server. This helps debugging systems because they can catch all the exceptions before responses are started.

Here a small example WSGI application that takes advantage of the response objects:

from werkzeug import BaseResponse as Response

def index():
    return Response('Index page')

def application(environ, start_response):
    path = environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '/'
    if path == '/':
        response = index()
    else:
        response = Response('Not Found', status=404)
    return response(environ, start_response)

Like BaseRequest which object is lacking a lot of functionality implemented in mixins. This gives you a better control about the actual API of your response objects, so you can create subclasses and add custom functionality. A full featured response object is available as Response which implements a couple of useful mixins.

To enforce a new type of already existing responses you can use the force_type() method. This is useful if you’re working with different subclasses of response objects and you want to post process them with a know interface.

Per default the request object will assume all the text data is utf-8 encoded. Please refer to the unicode chapter for more details about customizing the behavior.

Response can be any kind of iterable or string. If it’s a string it’s considered being an iterable with one item which is the string passed. Headers can be a list of tuples or a Headers object.

Special note for mimetype and content_type: For most mime types mimetype and content_type work the same, the difference affects only ‘text’ mimetypes. If the mimetype passed with mimetype is a mimetype starting with text/ it becomes a charset parameter defined with the charset of the response object. In constrast the content_type parameter is always added as header unmodified.

Changed in version 0.5: the direct_passthrough parameter was added.

Parameters:
  • response – a string or response iterable.
  • status – a string with a status or an integer with the status code.
  • headers – a list of headers or an Headers object.
  • mimetype – the mimetype for the request. See notice above.
  • content_type – the content type for the request. See notice above.
  • direct_passthrough – if set to True iter_encoded() is not called before iteration which makes it possible to pass special iterators though unchanged (see wrap_file() for more details.)
response
The application iterator. If constructed from a string this will be a list, otherwise the object provided as application iterator. (The first argument passed to BaseResponse)
headers
A Headers object representing the response headers.
status_code
The response status as integer.
direct_passthrough
If direct_passthrough=True was passed to the response object or if this attribute was set to True before using the response object as WSGI application, the wrapped iterator is returned unchanged. This makes it possible to pass a special wsgi.file_wrapper to the response object. See wrap_file() for more details.
__call__(environ, start_response)

Process this response as WSGI application.

Parameters:
  • environ – the WSGI environment.
  • start_response – the response callable provided by the WSGI server.
close()
Close the wrapped response if possible.
data
The string representation of the request body. Whenever you access this property the request iterable is encoded and flattened. This can lead to unwanted behavior if you stream big data.

Delete a cookie. Fails silently if key doesn’t exist.

Parameters:
  • key – the key (name) of the cookie to be deleted.
  • path – if the cookie that should be deleted was limited to a path, the path has to be defined here.
  • domain – if the cookie that should be deleted was limited to a domain, that domain has to be defined here.
fix_headers(environ)

This is automatically called right before the response is started and should fix common mistakes in headers. For example location headers are joined with the root URL here.

Parameter:environ – the WSGI environment of the request to be used for the applied fixes.
classmethod force_type(response, environ=None)

Enforce that the WSGI response is a response object of the current type. Werkzeug will use the BaseResponse internally in many situations like the exceptions. If you call get_response() on an exception you will get back a regular BaseResponse object, even if you are using a custom subclass.

This method can enforce a given response type, and it will also convert arbitrary WSGI callables into response objects if an environ is provided:

# convert a Werkzeug response object into an instance of the
# MyResponseClass subclass.
response = MyResponseClass.force_type(response)

# convert any WSGI application into a response object
response = MyResponseClass.force_type(response, environ)

This is especially useful if you want to post-process responses in the main dispatcher and use functionality provided by your subclass.

Keep in mind that this will modify response objects in place if possible!

Parameters:
  • response – a response object or wsgi application.
  • environ – a WSGI environment object.
Returns:

a response object.

freeze()
Call this method if you want to make your response object ready for pickeling. This buffers the generator if there is one.
classmethod from_app(app, environ, buffered=False)

Create a new response object from an application output. This works best if you pass it an application that returns a generator all the time. Sometimes applications may use the write() callable returned by the start_response function. This tries to resolve such edge cases automatically. But if you don’t get the expected output you should set buffered to True which enforces buffering.

Parameters:
  • app – the WSGI application to execute.
  • environ – the WSGI environment to execute aginst.
  • buffered – set to True to enforce buffering.
Returns:

a response object.

header_list
This returns the headers in the target charset as list. It’s used in __call__ to get the headers for the response.
is_streamed

If the response is streamed (the response is not a sequence) this property is True. In this case streamed means that there is no information about the number of iterations. This is usully True if a generator is passed to the response object.

This is useful for checking before applying some sort of post filtering that should not take place for streamed responses.

iter_encoded(charset=None)
Iter the response encoded with the encoding specified. If no encoding is given the encoding from the class is used. Note that this does not encode data that is already a bytestring. If the response object is invoked as WSGI application the return value of this method is used as application iterator except if direct_passthrough was activated.

Sets a cookie. The parameters are the same as in the cookie Morsel object in the Python standard library but it accepts unicode data too.

Parameters:
  • key – the key (name) of the cookie to be set.
  • value – the value of the cookie.
  • max_age – should be a number of seconds, or None (default) if the cookie should last only as long as the client’s browser session.
  • expires – should be a datetime object or UNIX timestamp.
  • domain – if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For example, domain=".example.com" will set a cookie that is readable by the domain www.example.com, foo.example.com etc. Otherwise, a cookie will only be readable by the domain that set it.
  • path – limits the cookie to a given path, per default it will span the whole domain.

Mixin Classes

Werkzeug also provides helper mixins for various HTTP related functionality such as etags, cache control, user agents etc. When subclassing you can mix those classes in to extend the functionality of the BaseRequest or BaseResponse object. Here a small example for a request object that parses accept headers:

from werkzeug import BaseRequest, AcceptMixin

class Request(BaseRequest, AcceptMixin):
    pass

The Request and Response classes subclass the BaseRequest and BaseResponse classes and implement all the mixins Werkzeug provides:

class werkzeug.Request(environ, populate_request=True, shallow=False)

Full featured request object implementing the following mixins:

class werkzeug.Response(response=None, status=None, headers=None, mimetype=None, content_type=None, direct_passthrough=False)

Full featured response object implementing the following mixins:

class werkzeug.AcceptMixin

A mixin for classes with an environ attribute to get and all the HTTP accept headers as Accept objects (or subclasses thereof).

accept_charsets
List of charsets this client supports as CharsetAccept object.
accept_encodings
List of encodings this client accepts. Encodings in a HTTP term are compression encodings such as gzip. For charsets have a look at accept_charset.
accept_languages
List of languages this client accepts.
accept_mimetypes
List of mimetypes this client supports as MIMEAccept object.
class werkzeug.AuthorizationMixin

Adds an authorization property that represents the parsed value of the Authorization header as Authorization object.

authorization
The Authorization object in parsed form.
class werkzeug.ETagRequestMixin

Add entity tag and cache descriptors to a request object or object with an WSGI environment available as environ. This not only provides access to etags but also to the cache control header.

cache_control
A CacheControl object for the incoming cache control headers.
if_match
An object containing all the etags in the If-Match header.
if_modified_since
The parsed If-Modified-Since header as datetime object.
if_none_match
An object containing all the etags in the If-None-Match header.
if_unmodified_since
The parsed If-Unmodified-Since header as datetime object.
class werkzeug.ETagResponseMixin

Adds extra functionality to a response object for etag and cache handling. This mixin requires an object with at least a headers object that implements a dict like interface similar to Headers.

add_etag(overwrite=False, weak=False)
Add an etag for the current response if there is none yet.
cache_control
The Cache-Control general-header field is used to specify directives that MUST be obeyed by all caching mechanisms along the request/response chain.
freeze(no_etag=False)
Call this method if you want to make your response object ready for pickeling. This buffers the generator if there is one. This also sets the etag unless no_etag is set to True.
get_etag()
Return a tuple in the form (etag, is_weak). If there is no ETag the return value is (None, None).
make_conditional(request_or_environ)

Make the response conditional to the request. This method works best if an etag was defined for the response already. The add_etag method can be used to do that. If called without etag just the date header is set.

This does nothing if the request method in the request or enviorn is anything but GET or HEAD.

It does not remove the body of the response because that’s something the __call__() function does for us automatically.

Returns self so that you can do return resp.make_conditional(req) but modifies the object in-place.

Parameter:request_or_environ – a request object or WSGI environment to be used to make the response conditional against.
set_etag(etag, weak=False)
Set the etag, and override the old one if there was one.
class werkzeug.ResponseStreamMixin

Mixin for BaseRequest subclasses. Classes that inherit from this mixin will automatically get a stream property that provides a write-only interface to the response iterable.

stream
The response iterable as write-only stream.
class werkzeug.CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin

A mixin for BaseResponse subclasses. Response objects that mix this class in will automatically get descriptors for a couple of HTTP headers with automatic type conversion.

age

The Age response-header field conveys the sender’s estimate of the amount of time since the response (or its revalidation) was generated at the origin server.

Age values are non-negative decimal integers, representing time in seconds.

allow
The Allow entity-header field lists the set of methods supported by the resource identified by the Request-URI. The purpose of this field is strictly to inform the recipient of valid methods associated with the resource. An Allow header field MUST be present in a 405 (Method Not Allowed) response.
content_encoding
The Content-Encoding entity-header field is used as a modifier to the media-type. When present, its value indicates what additional content codings have been applied to the entity-body, and thus what decoding mechanisms must be applied in order to obtain the media-type referenced by the Content-Type header field.
content_language
The Content-Language entity-header field describes the natural language(s) of the intended audience for the enclosed entity. Note that this might not be equivalent to all the languages used within the entity-body.
content_length
The Content-Length entity-header field indicates the size of the entity-body, in decimal number of OCTETs, sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD method, the size of the entity-body that would have been sent had the request been a GET.
content_location
The Content-Location entity-header field MAY be used to supply the resource location for the entity enclosed in the message when that entity is accessible from a location separate from the requested resource’s URI.
content_md5
The Content-MD5 entity-header field, as defined in RFC 1864, is an MD5 digest of the entity-body for the purpose of providing an end-to-end message integrity check (MIC) of the entity-body. (Note: a MIC is good for detecting accidental modification of the entity-body in transit, but is not proof against malicious attacks.)
content_type
The Content-Type entity-header field indicates the media type of the entity-body sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD method, the media type that would have been sent had the request been a GET.
date
The Date general-header field represents the date and time at which the message was originated, having the same semantics as orig-date in RFC 822.
expires
The Expires entity-header field gives the date/time after which the response is considered stale. A stale cache entry may not normally be returned by a cache.
last_modified
The Last-Modified entity-header field indicates the date and time at which the origin server believes the variant was last modified.
location
The Location response-header field is used to redirect the recipient to a location other than the Request-URI for completion of the request or identification of a new resource.
mimetype
The mimetype (content type without charset etc.)
retry_after

The Retry-After response-header field can be used with a 503 (Service Unavailable) response to indicate how long the service is expected to be unavailable to the requesting client.

Time in seconds until expiration or date.

vary
The Vary field value indicates the set of request-header fields that fully determines, while the response is fresh, whether a cache is permitted to use the response to reply to a subsequent request without revalidation.
class werkzeug.WWWAuthenticateMixin

Adds a www_authenticate property to a response object.

www_authenticate
The WWW-Authenticate header in a parsed form.
class werkzeug.UserAgentMixin

Adds a user_agent attribute to the request object which contains the parsed user agent of the browser that triggered the request as UserAgent object.

user_agent
The current user agent.